Colonel (United States)

Main article: Colonel

In the United States Army, the United States Marine Corps and the United States Air Force, colonel (IPA: /ˈkɜrnəl/) is a field grade officer rank, with the pay grade of O-6. Colonel ranks above lieutenant colonel and below brigadier general. Colonel is equivalent to the rank of captain in the uniformed services using naval ranks.

1 Insignia 2 Origins 3 19th century Colonels 4 20th century Colonels 5 Modern rank 6 Honorary colonels 7 Famous American Colonels

The insignia for a colonel is a silver eagle which is a stylised representation of the eagle dominating the Great Seal of the United States (which is the coat of arms of the United States). As on the Great Seal, the eagle has a U.S. shield superimposed on its chest and is holding an olive branch and bundle of arrows in its talons. However, in simplification of the Great Seal image, the insignia lacks the scroll in the eagle's mouth and the starry rosette above its head.

In the Marines, (as with Naval & Coast Guard captains,) the insignia of the eagle faces the olive branches on the right, as on the Great Seal. However in the Army and Air Force version, the eagle faces the olive branches on the left, as a mirror image of the Great Seal.

The eagle of the Great Seal faces towards the olive branch, rather than the arrows, advocating peace rather than war.

The United States rank of Colonel is a direct successor to the same rank in the British Army. The first Colonels in America were appointed from Colonial militias maintained as reserves to the British Army in the American colonies. Upon the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, the rank of Colonel could be appointed by a Colonial legislature, where a person would be given a commission to raise a regiment and serve as its Colonel. Thus, the first American Colonels were usually respected men with ties in local communities and active in politics. Such was the origin of the term "soldier and statesman".

The first insignia for the rank of Colonel consisted of gold shoulder boards worn on the blue uniform of the Continental Army. The first recorded use of the eagle insignia was in 1805 as this insignia was made official in uniform regulations by 1810.

The rank of Colonel was relatively rare in the early 19th century, due in part that the United States Army was very small in size and the rank of Colonel was usually obtained only after long years of service. During the War of 1812, many temporary Colonels were appointed but these commissions were either considered brevet ranks or the commissions were canceled at the war’s conclusion.

The American Civil War saw a large influx of Colonels as the rank was commonly held in both the Confederate Army and Union Army by those who commanded a regiment. Since most regiments were state formations and were quickly raised, the Colonels in command were known by the title “Colonel of Volunteers”, in contrast to Regular Army Colonels who held ranks from the “old school” of the professional army before the Civil War.

During the Civil War, the Confederate Army maintained a unique insignia for Colonel being that of three stars worn on the collar of a uniform. Robert E. Lee wore this insignia in respect to his former rank in the United States Army. Lee refused to wear the insignia of a Confederate General, stating that he would only accept permanent promotion when the South had achieved independence.

After the Civil War, the rank of Colonel again became rare as the forces of the United States Army became extremely small in number. Many Brevet Colonels appeared during the Spanish American War, prominent among them Theodore Roosevelt.

World War I and World War II saw the largest numbers of Colonels ever appointed in the United States armed forces. This was mostly due to the temporary ranks of the National Army and the Army of the United States, where those who would normally hold the rank of Captain in the peacetime Regular Army were thrust into the rank of Colonel during these two wars.

It was also during World War I that a tradition developed in that Colonels would wear the eagle insignia with the head pointing outwards from the neck as if to “face the enemy”. This was in contrast to the Army uniform regulations of the time, which stated that the eagle would be worn on the left collar, with the beak of the eagle facing inwards towards the wearer’s neck. Photographic evidence and service records from the Military Personnel Records Center indicate that this tradition lasted into World War II, after which time more strict uniform regulations prevented Colonels from reversing the insignia in this fashion. The United States Navy, however, also picked up on this tradition and Midshipmen today are taught that during times of war Navy Captains will reverse their collar insignia (which is the same eagle insignia as that of Colonel) in order to have the eagle facing the enemies of the United States.

By the end of the Korean War, appointments to the rank of Colonel were standardized to be granted after roughly 16-18 years of service in the military, however temporary Colonel appointments continued well into the Vietnam War. The last temporary appointments to the rank of Colonel occurred in the late 1970s; since then all Colonels have received permanent appointments upon promotion. Currently, an officer reaches the rank of colonel after about 22 years of military service.

Modern American colonels usually command infantry brigades, USAF groups or wings, and USMC regiments. An Army colonel typically commands brigade-sized units (3,000 to 5,000 Soldiers), with a Command Sergeant Major as principal Non-Commissioned Officer assistant. An Air Force colonel typically commands a wing or consisting of 1,000 to 3,000 airmen with a Command Chief Master Sergeant as principal NCO adviser. Some Colonels are commanders of groups, which are the major components of wings. Colonels are also found as the chief of staff at divisional level-(Army) or Numbered Air Force-level staff agencies.

In the modern United States armed forces, the Colonel's eagle is worn facing inwards with head and beak pointing towards the wearer's neck. Of all US Military commissioned officer rank, only the Colonel's eagle has a distinct right and left insignia. All other commissioned officer rank insignia can be worn on either the right or left side.

Colonels are sometimes referred to (but not addressed) as "full-bird" or "O-6" (which is their pay grade) in order to differentiate between Colonels and Lieutenant Colonels, since Lieutenant Colonels are also referred to and addressed as simply "Colonel". In the Army a Colonel who has been selected for promotion to Brigadier General is authorized to use Colonel (P) (as in Promotable) when signing official documents. In all other branches the officer still uses Colonel until the date of his actual promotion.

Main article: Colonel (title)

Some people known as "colonels" are actually recipients of honorary colonel ranks from a state governor and are not military officers. Famous honorary colonels include Colonel Harland Sanders of KFC fame, a Kentucky colonel; Colonel Tom Parker, Elvis Presley's manager, who received the honor from a Louisiana governor; Edward M. House, known as "Colonel House," a Texas honorary colonel and adviser to President Woodrow Wilson; and Kentucky Colonels Bill and Nancy Newsom, a father-daughter pair well-known for their traditionally cured country hams.

• Henry Knox - As colonel of the Continental Regiment of Artillery in 1776, he brought guns from Ft. Ticonderoga to Dorchester Heights, forcing the British out of Boston the next morning. Later, President Washington made him Secretary of War as part of the first Presidential Cabinet in America. He also served in Washington's crossing of the Delaware River for the Battle of Trenton.
• Charlie Beckwith - Founder of 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta, the Army's elite top-secret special forces detachment.
• William Moultrie - Defended Ft. Sullivan (later to be named Ft. Moultrie in honor of the colonel) against British attack in 1776; his regiment was later absorbed by the Continental Army, and he was promoted to Brigadier General.
• Wesley L. Fox - United States Marine Corps recipient of the Medal of Honor
• John Glenn - Marine Corps aviator, Astronaut, and U.S. Senator
• Ambrosio José Gonzales - Cuban born, served with CSA
• Theodore Roosevelt - 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry Regiment recipient of the Medal of Honor
• Robert Gould Shaw - Commander of the first African American Army Regiment
• Robert E Lee - Led the raid against John Brown at Harpers Ferry, Commanding General of the Confederate Army
• Edwin Eugene "Buzz" Aldrin - Second man to step on the moon
• David Hackworth - Served in Korea and Vietnam, an author and military media consultant. Formerly the highest decorated living soldier.
• Jeff Cooper - WWII and Korean War veteran and "The Father of Modern Shooting"
• Martha McSally - United States Air Force first American woman to fly in combat
• Alexander Butterfield - U.S. Air Force colonel who became an aide to President Nixon and was later appointed administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration. Cooperated with prosecutors during the Watergate scandal.

v • d • e U.S. officer and officer candidate ranks
	Officer Candidate	O-1	O-2	O-3	O-4	O-5	O-6	O-7	O-8	O-9	O-10	Special	Special
Approximate Insignia:	(no universal insignia)												(no authorized insignia)
USAF:	CDT / OT	2d Lt	1st Lt	Capt	Maj	Lt Col	Col	Brig Gen	Maj Gen	Lt Gen	Gen	GOAF[1][4]	[2]
USA:	CDT / OC	2LT	1LT	CPT	MAJ	LTC	COL	BG	MG	LTG	GEN	GA[1][4]	General of the Armies[1][4]
USMC:	Midn / Cand	2ndLt	1stLt	Capt	Maj	LtCol	Col	BGen	MajGen	LtGen	Gen	[2]	[2]
USN:	MIDN / OC	ENS	LTJG	LT	LCDR	CDR	CAPT	CDRE[1] / RDML	RADM	VADM	ADM	FADM[1][4]	Admiral of the Navy[1][4]
USCG:	CDT	ENS	LTJG	LT	LCDR	CDR	CAPT	CDRE[1] / RDML	RADM	VADM	ADM	[2]	[2]
USPHS:	[2]	ENS	LTJG	LT	LCDR	CDR	CAPT	RDML	RADM	VADM	ADM	[2]	[2]
NOAA:	[2]	ENS	LTJG	LT	LCDR	CDR	CAPT	RDML	RADM	VADM[1][4]	[3]	[2]	[2]
Grade inactive [1] Grade never created [2] Grade is authorized for use by U.S. Code but has not been created [3] Grade requires Congressional approval for re-activation [4]

v • d • e U.S. warrant officer ranks
	W-1	W-2	W-3	W-4	W-5
Approximate Insignia:	(no universal insignia)	(no universal insignia)	(no universal insignia)	(no universal insignia)	(no universal insignia)
USAF:	WO-1[1]	CWO-2[1]	CWO-3[1]	CWO-4[1]	CWO-5[1]
USA:	WO1	CW2	CW3	CW4	CW5
USMC:	WO-1	CWO-2	CWO-3	CWO-4	CWO-5
USN:	WO-1[1]	CWO-2	CWO-3	CWO-4	CWO-5
USCG:	[3]	CWO-2	CWO-3	CWO-4	[3]
USPHS:	[3]	[3]	[3]	[3]	[2]
NOAA:	[2]	[2]	[2]	[2]	[2]
Grade inactive [1] Grade never created [2] Grade is authorized for use by U.S. Code but has not been created [3]